Ch. 8
Applying the Concepts

<See the back of the chapter.>

Questions for Thought
 
 1.	The cathode rays behaved like negatively charged particles when passing between charged plates. By using a combination of electric and magnetic fields, Thomson determined the ratio of charge to mass of the individual particles.  Since this ratio was the same, no matter what the conditions under which he measured the ratio, Thomson was convinced that a fundamental particle had been discovered.

 4. 	If the size of the nucleus was the same size as the thickness of a dime, the atom would be about two football fields wide.

 5. 	The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. This number is unique for each element. The atomic number is also the number of electrons in a neutral atom of the element.

 6. 	The atomic number is 11.  The element with an atomic number of 11 is sodium.  Its electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s1.

 7. 	Atomic weight is a weighted average of the isotopes based on (1) their mass compared to carbon-12 and (2) their relative abundance in nature.

Parallel Exercises

B4.	1.67×10-27 kg

<Attached Questions>

 1. T
 2. T
 3. T
 4. T
 5. F
 9. F
10. T

11. b
12. a
13. d
14. a
15. d
16. a
17. d
26. c
27. c
28. a

	Ch. 9
Applying the Concepts

<See the back of the chapter.>

Questions for Thought
 
 1. 	A chemical change involves a change in the identity and properties of the substance (wood burning, burning gasoline in a car engine, and iron rusting), while a physical change is merely a size, shape, volume, or phase change (ice melting, water boiling, and water condensing).

 2. 	(a)  A sodium atom and a sodium ion both have the same atomic number but will have a different numbers of electrons.
(b)  A sodium ion and a neon atom will have the same number of electrons, but they have different atomic numbers.

 3. 	In an ionic bond, one or more electrons are pulled from one atom to fill the outer shell of another atom.  In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between the atoms, and the attraction of each nucleus for the other's electron binds the atoms together.  

 4.	The octet rule states that atoms attempt to acquire an outer orbital with eight electrons.	This rule is a generalization, and not all elements follow this rule.
 	
Parallel Exercises

B2.	  

B3.	(a)  Al3+		(d)  Na1+
	(b)  Cl1-		(e)  S2-
	(c)  Mg2+		(f)  H1+

B4.	(a)  acetate				(d)  nitrate
	(b)  hydrogen carbonate		(e)  permanganate
	(c)  sulfate				(f)  carbonate

B6.  (a)  SiO2					(d)  H2O2
	(b)  H2S					(e)  CF4
	(c)  BF3					(f)  NH3

B7.  (a)  Dinitrogen monoxide		(d)  Phosphorous pentaflouride
	(b)  Sulfur dioxide			(e)  Selenium hexachloride
	(c)  Silicon carbide		(f)  Dinitrogen tetraoxide

<Attached Questions>

 1. T
 2. T
 3. F
 4. F
 5. T
 6. F
 7. T
11. c
12. d
13. d
14. a
15. d
17. b
18. c
19. b
20. a
21. c
23. a
24. b
25. b