Garber, Aubrey. 1976. Mountain-ese: basic grammar for Appalachia. Rad­ford, VA: Commonwealth. 105 pp. Popular dictionary of Southern Appala­chian speech, with illustrative citation for each entry. 


Griffin, Hazel. 1967. Some folk expressions from northeastern North Carolina. North Carolina Folklore 15.56-57. Layman's collection of localisms, all well known.


Guthrie, Charles S. 1966. Corn: the mainstay of the Cumberland Valley. Kentucky Folklore Record 13.87-91. Includes comments on local­isms. 
 

Guthrie, Charles S. 1968. Tobacco: cash crop of the Cumberland Valley. Kentucky Folklore Record 14.38-43. Tobacco lexicon used in Central Kentucky.
 

Hall, Joseph S. 1972. Sayings from Old Smoky. Asheville, NC: Cataloochee. 149 pp. Comprehen­sive dictionary (pp. 36-144) based on personal interviews and observations, as well as on other print­ed sources. Re­views:L. Montell. 1972. Kentucky Folklore Record 18.87;C. Williams. 1973. Appala­chian Journal 1.61.
 

Hall, Joseph S. 1978. Glossary. Yarns and tales from the Great Smo­kies, pp. 74-76. Asheville, NC: Cataloochee. 54 items. Review:K. B. Harder. 1980. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 46.144-45.
 

Harper, Francis. 1941. The way we see it. North Georgia Review 6.129-30. Glossary of twenty-­nine expressions mainly from Southern Appalachian area.
 

Heap, Norman A. 1959. A vocabulary of burley tobacco growing in Fayette County, Kentucky. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University thesis. [North Central Kentucky]. Compiles list of 275 lexical items used by burley tobacco growers to show useful­ness of topical investigation of vocabulary of local industry.
 

Heap, Norman A. 1966. A burley tobacco word list from Lexington, Kentucky. Publication of the American Dialect Society 45.1-27. [North Central Kentucky]. Revision of preceding item.
 

Helton, William W. 1986. In a manner of speaking. Around home in Unicoi county, 373-81. Johnson City, TN: Overmountain Press.
 

Hench, Atcheson L. 1939. To come to fetch fire. Journal of American Folklore 53.123-24. Says the Chaucerian idiom, meaning "to come for a moment and then leave," is still used in Virginia and elsewhere in the South. 
 

Howard, Martha C. 1981. Fifty years later and less: dialect loss in West Virginia. Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 13.3.7. Claims degree of lexical dia­lect loss in state since Woofter's study can be correlated with degree of speakers' educa­tion and with educational level of school teachers in local area.
 

Hurst, Sharon Elaine. 1982. Appalachian words. Smokies heritage book I, 98-99. Gatlinburg, TN: Crescent.
 

Jones, Loyal and Jim Wayne Miller. 1992. Glossary of mountain speech. Southern mountain speech, 63-120. Berea, KY: Berea College Press. 
 

Kaimen, Audrey A. 1965. The Southern fiddling convention--a study: part I music and musicians. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 31.7-16. [North Carolina. Virginia]. Includes comments on vocabulary.
 

Kelly, Claire. 1961. Comment on "Brief lexical notes."Kentucky Folklore Record 7.77-78. [Kentucky]. Comments on eight items in Woodbridge's article (Kentucky Folklore Record 5.107-10 (1959).
 

Kephart, Horace. 1917. A word-list from the mountains of Western North Carolina. Dialect Notes 4.407-19. Extensive list, most items discussed in Kep­hart's Our Southern Highlanders.
 

Krumpelmann, John T. 1939. West Virginia peculiari­ties. American Speech 14.155-56. A dozen lexical items. 
 

Kurath, Hans. 1949. A word geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. xii + 252 pp. Based on Linguistic Atlas of New England and Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States, this atlas shows geogra­phical, but not social, distribution of tradi­tional vocabulary from Maine to South Carolina on 163 maps and subdi­vides East­ern states into eighteen primary dialect areas based on distinc­tive vocabulary pat­terns. First study of dialect geography of Atlantic states using Linguistic Atlas records; first conclusive demon­stration of three principal Eastern dialect areas--Northern, Midland, and Southern--and their subareas. Reprinted in 1966. Reviews:E. B. At­wood. 1950. Word 6.194-97;E. B. Atwood. 1950. Geo­graphical Review 40.510-12;C. Bonfante. 1951. American Anthropologist 53.103-05;A. L. Davis. 1950. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 49.431-32;E. Dieth. 1953. English Studies 34.122-26;N. E. Eliason. 1951. Modern Language Notes 66.487-89;H. M. Flas­dieck. 1951. Anglia 70.335-36;L. Florez. 1952. Thesaurus 8.217-18;W. C. Greet. 1950. New York Times, p. 22 (Jan. 22);L. Grootaaers. 1954. Leuvense Bijdra­gen 44.17;S. B. Liljegren. 1952-53. Studia Neophi­logica 25.193;R. I. McDavid, Jr. 1950. New York History 31.442-44;J. B. McMillan. 1951. Language 27.423-29;R. J. Menner. 1950. American Speech 15.122-26; F. Mosse. 1951. Bulletin de la Societee Linguistique de Paris 46.154-55; V. Pisane. 1952. Paideia 7.317-18;C. E. Reed. 1951. Modern Language Quarterly 12.245-47;H. L. Smith, Jr. 1951. Studies in Linguis tics 9.7-12;A. Sommerfelt. 1954. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 17.564-66;C. K. Thomas. 1950. Quarterly Journal of Speech 36.262;J. N. Tidwell. 1954. Journal of American Folklore 67.222-23;H. Whitehall. 1950. Yale Review n.s. 39.556-58;R. M. Wilson. 1951. Year's Work in English Studies 30.37.
 

Laughlin, Hugh C. 1944. A word-list from Buncombe County, North Caro­lina. Publication of the American Dialect Society 2.24-27. [Western North Carolina]. Glossary of items common to Buncombe County, North Caro­lina, and Logan County, Ohio.
 

Ledford, Ted Roland. 1975-76. Folk vocabulary of Western North Carolina: some recent changes. Appalachian Journal 3.279-84. [100 natives, ages 18-20, Western North Carolina]. Investigates extent to which folk vocabulary is still known in four areas of terminology: the house, the farm, common animals, and food; finds "a striking loss of some local terms."
 

Lyman, Dean B. 1936. Idioms in West Virginia. American Speech 11.63. Six miscella­neous items.
 

McDavid, Raven I., Jr. and Virginia G. McDavid. 1973. The folk vocabulary of Eastern Kentucky. Lexicography and dialect geography: festgabe for Hans Kurath, ed. by Harald Scholler and John Reidy, pp. 147-64. Wies­baden: Franz Steiner Verlag. Same as Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie und Linguistik heft 9. 13 maps. Analyzes distribution of Midland and South­ern vocabulary in East Kentucky, using data from Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States records made in 1950s.
 

McDonald, Richard R., and Walburga von Raffler-Engel. 1975. A semantic analysis of some religious terms of a snake-handling sect in Appalachia. Views on language, ed. by Reza Ordoubadian and Walburga von Raffler-Engel, pp. 182- 91. Murfrees­boro: Middle Tennessee State University. Based on research in four Pentecostal churches in Tennessee, studies termino­logy used in the Pentecostal experience called "anointing."
 

Matthias, Virginia P. 1946. Folk speech of Pine Mountain, Ken­tucky. American Speech 21.188-92. [Southeast Kentucky]. Glossary, with explanatory notes, of twenty-seven terms observed in two summers in the KY mountains.
 

Matthias, Virginia P. 1952. A wordcatcher asks your help. Moun­tain Life and Work 28.3.23-24. Appeals for help in recording Southern Appala­chian speech.
 

Maurer, David W. 1949. The argot of the moonshiner. American Speech 24.3- 13. Glos­sary of a hundred items, prefaced by comments on manufacture and preva­lence of illegal whisky in Kentucky.
 

Maurer, David W. 1974. Kentucky moonshine. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. The argot of the craft, pp. 105-11; Glossary, pp. 113-27. Reviews:Anonymous. 1975. Journal of Southern History 41.284­-85;C. S. Guthrie. 1975. Kentucky Folklore Record 21.2.63-64;L. Pederson. 1979. American Speech 54.52-55.
 

Maurer, David W. 1981. Language in the underworld. Lexington: Univer­sity Press of Kentucky. 417 pp. Includes scattered Southern material, including chapter on Kentucky moonshiner argot (pp. 370-80) revised and expanded from preceding item. Reviews:A. Bur­gess. 1982. Times Lite­rary Supplement, Jan. 22, p. 74;J. R. Gaskin. 1984. Sewanee Review 92.114-21;J. Hall. 1983. South Atlantic Quarterly 82.341-42;K. B. Harder. 1982. American Speech 58.288; W. K. McNeil. 1982. Mid-America Folklore 10;R. I. McDavid, Jr. 1983. American Studies 24.1,115;J. B. McMillan. 1982. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics Review 6.138-39;G. Nun­berg. 1982. New York Times Book Review, May 2, p. 9;L. Pederson. 1983. Modern Philology 81.105-07;M. Salovesh. 1982. American Anthropologist 84.456-57;L. E. Seits. 1983. Names 31.211-13.
 

Miller, Jim Wayne. 1969. The vocabulary and methods of raising burley tobacco in Western North Carolina. North Caro­lina Folklore 17.1.27-38. Explains terminology used in produc­tion and marketing of tobacco.
 

Miller, Jim Wayne. 1979. An interview with Jim Wayne Miller. Appalachian Journal 6.207-25. P. 214, discusses treatment of taboo word bull and explains substitutes for it in Southern Appalachia.
 

Mockler, William E. 1940. Localisms. American Speech 15.83. Nine miscella­neous items from mountains of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 
 

Montell, William Lynwood. 1975. Glossary. Ghosts along the Cumberland: death lore in the Kentucky foothills, pp. 217-20. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. [South Central Kentucky]. Forty-six items.
 

Montell, William Lynwood. 1983. Glossary. Don't go up Kettle Creek: verbal legacy in the upper Cumberlands, pp. 197-201. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. [South Central Kentucky]. Re­views:R. E. Corlew. 1984. Journal of Southern History 50.143-44;G. B. McKinney. 1984. Appalachian Journal 11.255.59;J. H. Speer. 1984. Journal of American Folklore 97.480-81.
 

Mountain English: collection of mountain expressions reproduced for your enlightenment. n.d. Asheville, NC: Tarmac Audio Visual Company. 10 pp. Popular glossary of mountain terms in modified spelling with definitions; most items iden­tical to Weals item below.
 

Mountain vocabulary. 1932. Mountain Missionary, January. 
 

Mountain words. 1982. Smokies heritage book I, 66-67. Gatlinburg, TN: Cres­cent.
 

Mull, J. Alexander, and Gordon Boger. 1983. Sayin's and meanin's. Recollections of the Catawba Valley, pp. 63-64. Boone, NC: Appalachian Con­sortium. Thirty-seven North Carolina terms that author says are misunderstood in the North.
 

Neal, Marvin H. 1957. The word-book of a backwoodsman. Ceres, VA: Backwoods Press. xi + 49 pp.
 

Newton, Mary C. 1958. A comparative study of the dialect vocabu­lary of East Tennessee and Western North Carolina using selected words: a report of a special study. Maryville, TN: Maryville College. [99 speak­ers, most natives, East Tennessee, Western North Carolina]. Based on local questionnaires and on data from Linguis­tic Atlas, finds predominant Midland usage but that education had little correlation with use and recognition of vocabulary; also finds some differences between North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 

Nixon, Phyllis J. 1946. A glossary of Virginia words. Publication of the American Dialect Society 5.3-43. Preface by Hans Kurath. Based on 138 Virginia Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States field records; notes geographical and social distribu­tion of terms; gives thorough picture of Virginia usage and greatly supple­ments B. W. Green. Re­views:R. I. McDavid, Jr. 1947. Stu­dies in Linguistics 5.21-24;B. J. Whiting. 1946. Publication of the American Dialect Society 6.44-46. Com­ments and additions by T. A. Kirby, W. L. McAtee, W. M. Mil­ler, R. V. Mills, F. W. Palmer, H. H. Petit. 1947. Publication of the American Dialect Society 8.11-38. 
 

North Carolina word list. 1918. Dialect Notes 5.18-20. 
 

North Carolina Department of Commerce. n.d. A dictionary of the Queen's English. Raleigh, North Carolina. 24 pp. [North Carolina]. Booklet for tourists with three short glossaries stressing archaic expressions still heard in state, where English spoken is "not prose but metaphor."
 

O'Cain, Raymond K., and John B. Hopkins. 1977. The southern mountain vocabulary in the low country of South Carolina and Georgia. An Appala­chian symposium: essays writ­ten in honor of Cratis D. Williams, pp. 215-23. Boone, NC: Appa­lachian State University. Detailed study of "the geogra­phi­cal distribution of the ten vocabulary items that were ... most frequently cited in early word lists of mountain speech" and speculates whether their occurrence in the low country is due to common sources in England or to diffusion in colonial times.
 

Olmstead, George C. 1934. Testimonies. American Speech 9.236. Reports goober grabber in Chattanooga for "an Alabamian" and hairydick, "mave­rick," and Indian River chicken.
 

Pederson, Lee A. 1975. Sourmilk. American Speech 50.49. [Tennessee]. Reports term for clabber having primary-secondary stress pat­tern.
 

Pederson, Lee A. 1977. The dugout dairy. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 43.88-89. [East Tennessee]. Notes several senses of word dairy, including reference to room in dugout area.
 

Pederson, Lee A. 1981. Hey, Lucy. American Speech 56.63. [Jacks­boro, Tennessee]. Points out difficulty of ordering senses in Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States legendry, dictionary component of the atlas.
 

Pendleton, Paul E. 1930. How the "wood hicks" speak. Dialect Notes 6.86-89. Words and phrases from Buckhannon, West Virginia.
 

Petit, Herbert H. 1947. Terms in a word-list from Virginia and North Carolina (Publication of the American Dialect Society 6) common in the Blue Grass region of Kentucky. Publication of the American Dialect Society 8.21- 23. Confirmation of findings of Woodard (see item below) by Kentucky native.
 

Pollard, Mary O. 1915. Terms from the Tennessee mountains. Dialect Notes 4.242-43. Twenty-four items from Gatlinburg; brief note on phonological and grammatical tendencies.
 

Preston, Dennis R. 1969. Bituminous coal mining vocabulary of the eastern United States: a pilot study in the collecting of geographically distributed occupational vocabu­lary. Madison: University of Wisconsin dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 39.3929-30A. Reprinted in 1973 as Bitumi­nous coalmin­ing voca­bulary of the East­ern United States. Publication of the American Dialect Society 59. 128 pp. Lexi­con of 489 terms used by bituminous coal miners in ten states in Midland and Midwest regions. Finds northern coal-mining areas preserve more British terms while southern areas have more native American ones. Review:K. Hameyer. 1980. Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie und Linguistik 47.108-11.
 

Roberts, Leonard. 1962. Additional notes on Archer Taylor's On Troublesome Creek. Kentucky Folklore Record 8.142-44. [Kentucky]. Explains six terms cited by Woodbridge that come from James Still's fiction, including bunty bird and corn capping.
 

Rushing, Nellie Georgia. 1929. A word study of Mary Noailles Murfree's stories of the Tennessee mountains. Chi­cago: University of Chicago thesis. Analyzes and compiles re­gional vocabulary from seven of Mur­free's novels.
 

Schmidt, Ronald G., and William S. Hooks. 1994. Glossary. Whistle over the mountain: Timber, track and trails in the Tennessee smokies. Graphicom.
 

Schulman, Steven A. 1973. Logging terms from the upper Cumberland river. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 39.35-36. [Western Ken­tucky]. Twenty- seven terms from the logging industry.
 

Shearin, Hubert G. 1911. An Eastern Kentucky dialect word-list. Dia­lect Notes 3.537-40. 150 items, many in modified phonetic transcription.
 

Shoemaker, Henry W. 1930. Thirteen hundred old time words. Altoona, PA: Times Tribune. 75 pp.
 

Shott, Hugh Ike, II. 1951. A lexical study of the vocabulary of Alberta Pierson Hannum's regional novel Thursday April. Charlottesville: University of Virginia thesis. Iden­tifies dialect and unusual words used by W North Carolina novelist and crossreferences them to eight diction­aries. 
 

Tedford, Ted R. 1976. Folk vocabulary of Western NC: some recent changes. Appalachian Journal 3.277-84. Discusses massive genera­tional changes in folk vocabulary for house and farm items and for wild and domestic animals.
 

Thompson, Kathy, ed. 1976. The Thompson family dictionary. Touching home: A collection of history and folklore from the Copper Basin, Fannin County area, 12-18. Blue Ridge, GA. 
 

Thornton, Richard H. 1916. Comment on "A word-list from Virginia."Dialect Notes 4.349-50. [Southwest Virginia]. Discusses seven older items. Compare Dingus item in chapter one.
 

Tresidder, Argus. 1940. Some Virginia provincialisms. Quarterly Jour­nal of Speech 26.262-69. Lexical notes on unusual terms in old-fashioned Virginia speech of Tidewater, Piedmont, and mountain areas; also discusses German contributions to Virginia speech. 
 

W., H. C. 1957. Some unrecorded hunting terms found in Kentucky. Ken­tucky Folklore Record 3.4.
 

Warnick, Florence. 1942. The dialect of Garrett Coun­ty, Maryland. Privately printed. 16 pp. [Western Maryland]. Popular glossary of words and phrases collected of Appalachian area of Maryland from 1900-1918.
 

Watkins, Floyd C. 1963. Yesterday in the hills. Chi­cago: Quadrangle. Cherokee County, Georgia, folk culture, includ­ing lexicon.
 

Weals, Vic. c1959. Hillbilly dictionary (revised): an edifying collection of mountain expressions. Gatlinburg, TN: privately printed. Dictionary of 175 lexical, grammatical, and phonological items.
 

Weeks, Abigail. 1910. A word list from Barbourville, Kentucky. Dialect Notes 3.456-57. Forty-five items.
 

Weir, H. L. 1922. The dialect of the Southern highlands. 14 pp. manuscript in Berea College Library. Comments on lack of foreign terms in Appalachian speech and devises ten categories of distinctive Appalachian words. Based mainly on lists in Dialect Notes.
 

Wentworth, Harold. 1944. American dialect dictionary. New York: Crowell. 747 pp. Large volume containing more than 15,000 terms (many not appear­ing in another index or dictionary) that vary geographically in pronunciation, form, or meaning, these terms compiled from wordlists published in Dialect Notes and American Speech and from unpublished collections. Reviews:1944. Christian Science Monitor, July 22, p. 11;1944. New York Times, July 23, p. 25.;1944. New Yorker, July 29, p. 64;1944. Wisconsin Library Bulletin, Nov., p. 144.


 

West, Don. 1957. "Hill-billy," "plowboy," "wool-hats," and "crackers." Southern Newsletter 2.10.6-8. Says four terms are used in prejudicial and erroneous way to imply that poor whites are responsible for persecu­tion of blacks.
 

Westover, J. Hutson. 1960. Highland language of the Cumberland coal country. Mountain Life and Work 36.18-21.
 

White, Edward M. 1963. The vocabulary of marbles in Eastern Kentucky. Kentucky Folklore Record 9.57-74. 4 maps. See also K. B. Harder, Publication of the American Dialect Society 23.3-33 (Apr. 1955), and J. H. Combs, ibid., 33-34.
 

White, Linda C. 1975. Unemphatic love. Western Folklore 34.154. Describes use of word love in "an unemotional, often negative vein" in Cumberland County, Kentucky.
 

Wilder, Roy, Jr. 1975. You all spoken here: a handy, illustrated guide to carryin' on in the South. First verse. Spring Hope, NC: Gourd Hollow Press. 20 pp. Popular "colla­tion of words and phrases and expres­sions in common and ordi­nary day-by-day use in the South"; includes many fig­ures of speech.
 

Wilder, Roy, Jr. 1976. You all spoken here: a handy, illustrated guide to carryin' on in the South. Second verse. Spring Hope, NC: Gourd Hollow Press. 20 pp. Sequel to preceding item, with same kind of mate­rial.
 

Wilder, Roy, Jr. 1977. You all spoken here: a handy, illustrated guide to carryin' on in the South. Third verse. Spring Hope, NC: Gourd Hollow Press. Sequel to preceding item, with same kind of material.
 

Wilder, Roy, Jr. 1984. You all spoken here. New York: Morrow. 213 pp. Lengthy compilation of colorful expressions, collected by per­sonal obser­vation and from reading newspapers, books, and magazines; lacks information on regional or social distribution or on source of material. Review:J. Burges. 1986. Southern English Newsletter 4.5-6.
 

Wilgus, D. K. 1959. Down our way: who's in town-Kentucky Folklore Record 5.1-8. Describes eight children's games and their unusual terminology. 
 

Wilgus, D. K., and L. Montell. 1959. Notes: "uker."Kentucky Folklore Record 5.130. De­scribes marble game by the name.
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1944. A word-list from the moun­tains of Kentucky and North Carolina. Publication of the American Dialect Society 2.28-31. [Mainly East Kentucky, Western North Carolina]. Fifty-two items.
 

Wilson, George P. 1944. A word-list from Virginia and North Carolina. Publication of the American Dialect Society 2.38-52. Glossary of items crossrefer­enced to Oxford English Dic­tionary and English Dialect Dic­tionary where possible.
 

Wilson, George P. 1958. Some folk sayings from North Carolina. North Carolina Folklore 6.2.7-18.
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1963. Studying folklore in a small region--IV: regional words. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 29.79-86. Discusses rustic vocabulary and place names; calls for more interest in folk language. 
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1964. Words relating to plants and animals in the Mammoth Cave region. Publication of the American Dialect Society 42.11-25. Reprinted in Folklore of the Mammoth Cave Region (Bowling Green: Ken­tucky Folklore Society, 1968), pp. 12-26. More than 200 items col­lected in W Kentucky.
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1965-66. Mammoth cave words. Kentucky Folklore Record 11. Sections:I Around the house. Kentucky Folklore Record 11.5-8;II Around the house some more. Kentucky Folklore Record 11. 28-31 (Apr.-June, 1965);III Neigh­borhood doings. Kentucky Folklore Record 11.52-55 (July-Sept., 1965);IV More neighborhood doings. Kentucky Folklore Record 11.78-81 (Oct.-Dec., 1965);V Some good regional verbs. Kentucky Folklore Record 12.15-20 (Jan.- Mar., 1966);VI Some folk nouns. Kentucky Folklore Record 12.67-71 (Apr.- June, 1966);VII Some more folk nouns. Kentucky Folklore Record 12.93-98 (July-Sept., 1966);VIII Some useful adjectives. Kentucky Folklore Record 12.73-74 (Oct.-Dec., 1966). First four articles reprinted in Folklore of the Mammoth Cave Region, edited by Lawrence Thompson (Bowling Green: Kentucky Folklore Society, 1968).
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1969. Some Mammoth Cave sayings: I. Sayings with a farm flavor. Kentucky Folklore Record 15.12-21; 15.37-44 (Apr.-June, 1969): 15.69- 74 (July-Sept., 1969).
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1970-71. Origins of the people of the Mammoth Cave region as shown by their surnames and regional words. Kentucky Folklore Record 17.10-18, regional words I;17.31-39, regional words II.
 

Wood, Gordon R. 1958. A list of words from Tennessee. Publication of the American Dialect Society 29.3-18. 152 items, submitted mostly by the public in response to newspaper soli­citations from the writer.
 

Wood, Gordon R. 1959. Report on dialect collecting in Tennessee. Abstract in South Atlantic Bulletin 24.3.4. Progress report on postal question­naire.
 

Wood, Gordon R. 1960. Heard in the South: the progress of a word geography. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 26.1-7. Discusses early stages of author's large-scale postal survey of Southern vocabulary.
 

Wood, Gordon R. 1963. Dialect contours in the Southern states. American Speech 38.243-56. 7 maps. Discusses major lexical iso­glosses showing Midland-Southern boundary in eight states in interior South that were settled after 1800 and correlates vocabulary with three stages of settle­ment history of region: advancing frontier, growth of towns, and increase of regional communication. 
 

Wood, Gordon R. 1971. Vocabulary change: a study of variation in regional words in eight of the Southern states. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Comprehensive work based primarily on postal questionnaire of over 1,000 informants that studies generational and subregional patterns of nearly 1200 words and expressions in the mid-South. Uses ninety-four figures and maps to relate these patterns to agricul­tural regions and to 19th-century migration across the South. Reviews:W. J. Griffin. 1972. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 38.82-83;J. B. McMillan. 1972. Mississippi Quarterly 8.101- 04;H. W. Mar­shall. 1974. Journal of American Folklore 87.101-02;L. Pederson. 1973. Language 49.184-87.
 

Woodard, C. M. 1946. A word-list from Virginia and North Carolina. Publication of the American Dialect Society 6.4-43. [Primarily Pamplico County, North Carolina, Salem, Virginia]. Extended wordlist, with notes of frequency of use; includes a ten-page list of sayings and si­miles.
 

Woodbridge, Hensley C. 1956. 1. "To funk."2. "Dog run."American Speech 31.309-10. First is Kentucky term meaning "to spoil tobacco"; second cited term from AR and FL and refers to dogs trotting over loose, dry boards.
 

Woodbridge, Hensley C. 1957. Some unrecorded hunting terms found in Kentucky. Kentucky Folklore Record 3.153-58. Discusses twenty-nine terms, most from Harriette Arnow's Hunter's Horn; based on Armstrong, Cauthern, and Dominick.
 

Woodbridge, Hensley C. 1958. Americanisms in James Still's The Nest. Kentucky Folklore Record 4.63-64. [Kentucky]. Six terms, including crawdab­ber and battle out, not appearing in the Dictionary of Americanisms.
 

Woodbridge, Hensley C. 1958. Flats and bottoms. Kentucky Folklore Record 4.175. Use of these terms, referring to land bordering water, in Hopkins County, Kentucky.
 

Woofter, Carey. 1927. Dialect words and phrases from West-Central West Virginia. American Speech 2.347-67. [Central West Virginia]. Extended word- list from Little Ka­nawha Valley.
 

IV. PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS
 

Atherton, H. E., and Darrell L. Gregg. 1929. A study of dialect differences. American Speech 4.216-23. [North Carolina]. Early acoustic comparison of phono­graph recordings of speakers from North Carolina and South England, analyzing length of words in millimeters of film per second, frequency of double vibra­tions, and pitch level. 
 

Atwood, E. Bagby. 1950. Grease and greasy: a study of geographical variation. University of Texas Studies in Eng­lish 29.249-60. Analyzes distribution of [s] and [z] pronun­ciations in New England and Atlantic states and finds [z] pronunciations dominate from Western Pennsylvania southward; com­pares results to Hempl and Thomas. Reprinted in H. B. Allen. 1958. Readings in Applied English Linguistics. 1st ed., 158-67; 1964. 2nd ed., 242- 51; Bobbs-Merrill Reprint Series, Lan­guage-2.
 

Bailey, Charles-James N. 1985. English phonetic transcription. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 265 pp. Textbook on phone­tics for students of linguistics, with many examples from Southern Eng­lish; includes suprasegmentals and intonation. Review: G. Bailey. 1988. Southern English Newsletter 5.
 

Bailey, Guy. 1979. Folk speech on the Cumberland plateau: a phonological analysis. Knoxville: University of Ten­nessee dissertation. Ab­stract in Dissertation Abstracts International 40.5031A. [Older, less educated Whites, East Tennessee]. Outlines segmental phonemic structure of speech of area, describing phonological processes and offer­ing phone­tic, con­tex­tual, and historial explanations for variants.
 

Boiarsky, Carolyn. 1969. Consistency of spelling and pronunciation deviations in Appalachian students. Modern Language Journal 53.347-50. [High school stu­dents, West Virginia]. Studies "pronunciation of certain words by Appalachian students and analyzes the consis­tency betwen the Appalachian dialectal pronunciation of cer­tain vowels and the spelling of words" in which they appear"; identifies four "vowel shifts" in Appala­chian speech, three dealing with pronunciation of front vowels before /l/.
 

Boiarsky, Carolyn. 1970. Improving oral communication of Appala­chian youth through rhyme. Modern Language Journal 54.188-89. Discusses a model "from which Appalachian students can learn to differ­entiate between their dialectal pronunciation of certain vow­els and pronunciation of those vowels in Standard American English" and reports on project using five pilot les­sons, based on an aural-oral approach, to assist such students. 
 

Butters, Ronald R. 1981. Unstressed vowels in Appalachian English. American Speech 56.104-10. Discusses constraints on raising of final unstressed schwa in Appalachian speech and tries to unite interpretations of Wolfram and Christian and Kurath and McDavid. 
 

Callary, Robert E. 1973. Indications of regular sound shifting in an Appalachian dialect. Appala­chian Journal 1.238-40. Says dia­lect spell­ings in Dargan's 1932 Appalachian novel Call Home the Heart reveal sys­tematic differences between Appalachian dialect and standard English that can demonstrated by phonolo­gical rules. 
 

Cavender, Anthony Patterson. 1974. A phonemic and pho­netic analy­sis of the folk speech of Bedford County, Tennes­see. Knoxville: Univer­sity of Tennessee thesis. [5 Whites over 70, South Central Tennessee]. Study undertaken to provide baseline data for Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States and other work in Middle Tennessee; no comparison with speech else­where. Uses approach developed by Harold Orton.
 

Cogdill, Cindy A., Judith Harkins, and Karl Nicholas. 1978. A good mill will make you fill better. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics Bul­letin 2.2.62- 66. [91 Western North Carolina, ages 7 to 79]. Investi­gates laxing of /i/ before /l/ as change in progress; finds orthographic <ea> more likely to lax than <ee>.
 

Davis, Arthur Kyle, Jr., and Archibald A. Hill. 1933. Dialect notes on records of folk songs from Virginia. American Speech 8.4.52-56. [Southwest Virginia]. Discrimi­nates which features of recorded folk songs are due to rhythm and other effects of singing and which are of genuine interest to dialectolo­gists and focuses on vowel quality, postvocalic /r/, pronuncia­tion of normally unstressed function words when stressed, verb principal parts, and other features.
 

Davis, Margaret B. 1975. A study of East Tennessee regional phono­logy: its influence on reading performance. Knoxville: University of Tennessee dissertation. 88 pp. Ab­stract in Dissertation Abstracts International 36.7183A. [20 White 1st, 3rd graders, 20 White elementary teach­ers, Sevier County, East Tennessee]. Finds that both students and teachers differed from expected pronunciations and that both groups showed wide variation in pronuncia­tion.
 

Furbee, N. Louanna. 1972. Transcription of Appalachian child's English. Culture, class, and language variety: a re-source book for teachers, ed. by A. L. Davis, pp. 212-13. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Orthographic and brief phone­tic transcript of ten-year-old child from Barboursville, Kentucky.
 

Habick, Timothy. 1980. Sound change in farmer city: a sociolin­guistic study based on acoustic data. Urbana: Univer­sity of Illinois disserta­tion. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 41.655A. 441 pp. [7 speakers, 3 genera­tions, Somerset, Kentucky, 40 speakers from Illinois]. Spectro­graphic analysis of genera­tional differences in vowel offglides and placement of /u/ vowel. In­cludes comments on southern drawl.
 

Hackett, William A. 1940. An analysis and suggested solution of the educational problem resultant from dialectal pronunciations in the South­ern Appalachians. Columbus: Ohio State University dissertation. 
 

Hale, Lulu Cooper. 1930. A study of English pronuncia­tion in Kentucky. Lexington: University of Kentucky thesis. 60 pp. [44 Univ. of Kentucky students from 33 counties]. Discusses pronunciation of vowels, diphthongs, and two consonants (postvocalic /r/ and final velar nasal); includes alphabetical list of words.
 

Hall, Joseph S. 1942. The phonetics of Great Smoky Mountain speech. Also in American Speech 17 (Apr., 1942), part 2. Same as American Speech Reprints and Monographs, No. 4. New York: Columbia University Press. Bibliography, 107- 10. New York: Columbia University dissertation. [Ten­nessee, North Carolina]. Study based on seventy-three record­ings of "Arthur the Rat" story and on folk and local sto­ries recorded between 1937 and 1940, covering stressed vowels, un­stressed vowels, and conso­nants, but little attention to social variation. Re­views:R. I. McDavid, Jr. 1943. Lan­guage 19.184-95; A. H. Marckwardt. 1942. Quarterly Journal of Speech 28.487;L. Roberts. 1964. Mountain Life and Work 40.4.225; D. White­lock. 1944. Year's Work in English Studies 23.28-29.
 

Harris, Alberta. 1948. Southern mountain dialect. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University thesis. Abstract in Louisiana State University Bulletin, n.s. 41.87 (1949). 116 pp. [Southern Appalachia, Ozarks, East Texas]. States there is little difference in pronunciation between three areas, based on evidence collected from personal observation, classroom teach­ing, published literature, and recordings made by author.
 

Hartman, Erika. 1981. The front vowels before r of the north-central states. Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology dissertation. Ab­stract in Dissertation Abstracts International 42.3137A. [Includes Ken­tucky]. Discusses diminishing contrasts in phonemic system as revealed in Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States field records.
 

Kruse, Vernon David. 1972. The pronunciation of Eng­lish in Ken­tucky, based on the records of the Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central states. Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 33.4388A. Describes vowels of Kentucky speech, using binary analysis; includes chapter on methods of field work, informants, settlement his­tory, and dialect areas.
 

Kurath, Hans, and Raven I. McDavid, Jr. 1961. The pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. xi + 364 pp. 180 maps. Paper­back edition 1982 published by University of Alabama Press. [Includes Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia]. Author­itative phono­logical demarcation of dialect areas based on field records of Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States and Linguistic Atlas of New England inter­views. Presents pronunciation of educated natives in series of seventy synoptic charts of pronunciation of individual speakers, detailed descriptions of how specific words are pronounced throughout the Atlantic states, and 180 large maps that show distribution of various pronunciations of key words. Reviews:W. S. Avis. 1965. Canadian Jour­nal of Linguistics 11.63-70;F. H. Beukema. 1967. Orbis 16.577-79;A. J. Bronstein. 1962. Quarterly Journal of Speech 68.440-41; R. M. Dorson. 1963. Ohio History 72.73-75;N. E. Elia­son. 1962. South Atlantic Quar­terly 61.121-22;T. Hill. 1962. Modern Language Review 58.624-25;S. J. Keyser. 1963. Language 39.303-16;L'Annee Sociologique. 1963. Ser. 3.531;Leuvense Bijdragen. 1963. 52.180-81;F. F. Lewis. 1962. Professional Geo­grapher 14.35;J. Y. Mather. 1963. Review of English Studies 14.216-18;J. E. Medcalf. 1962. Notes and Queries n.s. 9.402-03;G. Scherer. 1962. Beitrage zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache und Literatur 84;A. W. Stanforth. 1963-64. Zeitschrift fur Mundartforschung 30.374-75;B. Trnka. 1962. Philo­logica Pragensia 5.176-77;B. Trnka. 1962. Casopis pro Moderni Filologii 44.188-90;E. T. Uldall. 1962. Le Maitre Phonetique 117.29-31;W. Viereck. 1967. Lebende Sprachen 12.58-59;R. M. Wilson. 1963. Year's Work in English Studies 42.51;K-H Wirz­burger. 1966. Zeitschrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistik 14.215-16.
 

McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1943. Review of The phonetics of Great Smoky Mountain speech by Joseph S. Hall. Language 19.84-95. Extended review criticizing Hall's fieldwork and presentation of material. 
 

McDavid, Raven I., Jr., and Virginia Glenn McDavid. 1952. h before semivowels in the Eastern United States. Language 28.41-62. Initial consonants in whip, whetstone, wheelbarrow, whinny, wharf, whoa, and humor in atlas records; includes Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and East Georgia. 
 

Morgan, Lucia C. 1970. The status of /r/ among North Carolina speakers. Essays in honor of Claude M. Wise, ed. by Arthur J. Bronstein, Claude L. Shaver, and C. Stevens, 167-86. New York: Speech Association of America. [120 Whites, 15 Blacks native to North Carolina, ages 5-87]. 21 maps. Analyzes regional and age differ­ences in pronunciation of postvocalic /r/ within state.
 

Nicholas, Karl. 1982. Think you for the wedding rang. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics Review 6.131-37. [77 Whites, Western North Carolina; 25 Whites, Central North Carolina]. Finds raising of vowel before nasal in words like thank and sang is strong in lower working class mountain speech and is increas­ing in North Carolina Piedmont.
 

Pennington, Martha. 1973. A phonology of the speech of Floyd County, Georgia. Penn Review of Linguistics 1.1-12. [Northeast Georgia]. Detailed analysis of vowels in stressed syllables and sibilants and phonological processes affecting them.
 

Pennington, Martha Carswell. 1982. The story of "s" or everything you always wanted to know about sibilants but were afraid to ask. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania dis­sertation. Abstract in Disserta­tion Abstracts International 43.3585. [Rome, Georgia]. Investigates form and phonological and social distri­bution of sibilants in Rome area; finds that backing of some types of sibilants expresses "local and rural identity and solidarity, particu­larly among males," that these sibilants "may be an expression of an American country-western image and so may be increasing in frequency."
 

Reese, James Robert. 1983. Intonational variation in southern Appalachian English. Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 15.2.5. Sug­gests computer analysis of pitch, stress, vowel length, and juncture can be used to identify and classify dialects in Southern Appalachian region.
 

Thomas, Charles Kenneth. 1939. A composite transcription from Knox County, Tennessee. American Speech 14.125-26; 15.85 (Feb. 1940). Com­posite transcription of twenty-six Knox County na­tives who were students at the University of Tennes­see.
 

Wetmore, Thomas H. 1959. The low-central and low-back vowels in the English of the Eastern United States. Publication of the American Dia­lect Society 32. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 18.1423. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan dissertation, 1957. Analyzes and describes low-central and low-back vowel phonemes, their phonic characteristics, and their incidence in the Eastern U.S., based on Lin­guistic Atlas of New England and Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States field records. In­cludes W North Carolina, pp. 59-68. Reviews:M. L. Gateau. 1963. Word 18.362;C. K. Thomas. 1961. American Speech 36.201-03;K. Wittig. 1962. Anglia 80.161-64.
 

White, Dorothy. 1934. Improving the pronunciation of high school seniors. Morgantown: West Virginia University thesis. [West Virginia]. Discusses nonstandard pronunciations of super­visors, teachers, and stu­dents at university laboratory high school.
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1961. The "r" in mountain speech. Mountain Life and Work 37.5-8. Argues "a heavy r is a general characteristic" of Appalachian speech that sets "it apart, quan­titatively rather than qualitatively, from that of other Southern and Midwestern groups descended from similar pioneer stock"; exemplifies epenthesis and other processes and discus­ses pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs before /r/.
 

Wise, Claude Merton. 1957. Applied phonetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Mountain speech, pp. 303-21. Pre­sents inventories of phonetic and phonological features, with transcription exercises.
 

V. MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX
 

Armstrong, Mary Sheila. l953. Survivals in Kentucky. American Speech 28.306-07. [Kentucky]. Reports compound adjectives like disgrace­ful indecent in novel by Kentuckian Harriet Arnow that are similar to Shakespearian usages.
 

Atwood, E. Bagby. l953. A survey of verb forms in the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. [Maine to Northeast Florida]. Using records from Linguistic Atlas of New England and Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States, details regional patterns in eighty-eight verb features, in­cluding prin­cipal parts, sub­ject-verb agree­ment, negative constructions, infini­tives, and modals.
 

Axley, Lowry. 1927. "You all" and "we all" again. American Speech 2.343-45. Com­ments on use of you'uns and you all; says in lifetime of experience he has "never heard any person of any degree of education or station of life use the expression you all" as singular.
 

Axley, Lowry. 1928. West Virginia dialect. American Speech 3.456. Notes many items in Carey Woofter article that he finds in Savannah, Georgia.
 

Bergin, Kendall Russell. 1984. The relationship of English compo­sition grades to oral (social) dialect: an analy­sis of dialectal and non-dialec­tal writing errors. Cultural language

differences: their educa­tional and clinical-profes­sional implications, ed. by Sol Adler, pp. 29-43. Spring­field, IL: Charles Thomas. [9 Blacks, 26 Whites, Univ. of Tennessee stu­dents]. Claims strong correlation between oral dialect use (based on instructor rating) and errors in written composition (based on Harbrace College Handbook).

 

Blanton, Linda L. 1974. The verb system in Breathitt County, Kentucky: a sociolinguistic analysis. Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 35.7888-89A. [22 speakers, East Kentucky]. Ana­lyzes dialect patterns of subject-verb concord, auxiliary dele­tion, tense marking, and negation and finds all very frequent; concludes "that the verb system, as a whole, has undergone a great deal of morpho­logical level­ing."
 

Blanton, Linda L. 1975. The verb system in Breathitt County, Kentucky: a sociolinguistic analysis. Reviewed in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 8.3.13. Finds disagree­ments in studies of Appalachian English in West Virginia and Kentucky and reasons to doubt such an entity as Appala­chian English exists.
 

Blanton, Linda. 1977. How nonstandard is "Appalachian English"-Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 9.3.7-8. Argues that most pre­vious descriptions of Appa­lachian speech were distorted by focusing on only nonstandard forms, and claims that for gram­matical categories Appala­chian speech is far less nonstandard than generally thought.
 

Butters, Ronald R., and Kristin Stettler. 1986. Causa­tive and existen­tial "have ... to."American Speech 61.184-90. [57 Duke University students]. Finds structure used almost exclusively by Southerners and South Mid­landers and less by females than males. 
 

Christian, Donna. 1975. Non-participle "done" and non-productive classification. Eric Document 116 499. 26 pp. Examines proposals for classifying auxiliary done and, using data from Appalachian English, says that both semantic information (per­fectiveness) and pragmatic information (empha­sis) must be added to the syntactic information before classifying it. 
 

Christian, Donna M. 1978. Aspects of verb usage in Appalachian speech. Washington: Georgetown University disser­tation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 39.7317A. [26 Males, 26 Females, ages 7-93, Southern West Virginia]. Exam­ines patterns in irregular verb principal parts and subject-verb concord and provides evidence for language change in pro­gress. Classi­fies verbs with nonstandard principal parts into five categories and finds nonstandard subject-verb concord "occurs only with plural subjects, with the exception of the item `don't'."
 

Christian, Donna. 1982. The personal dative in Appalachian speech. Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 14.3.6. [West Virginia]. Describes characteristics of personal dative and compares it to for-dative construction.
 

Coleman, William L. 1975. Multiple modals in Southern states English. Bloomington: Indiana University dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 36.2174-75A. Using quantitative analysis and implicational scaling, identifies three regional patterns of multiple modal variation in North Carolina with range of acceptable modal combina­tions increasing from east to west.
 

Coleman, William L. 1975. Regional distribution of double modals usage in North Carolina. Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Soci­ety 8.3.10. [179 informants from North Carolina, mostly from Piedmont area]. Uses implicational scales to show how accep­ta­bility of double-modal construc­tions is regionally distributed.
 

Dietrich, Julia C. 1981. The Gaelic roots of a-prefixing in Appala­chian English. American Speech 56.314. Says form reported by Wolfram derives from Gaelic verbal noun construction and results "not from a careless handling of English grammar but from a careful preservation of Scottish Gaelic gram­mar, learned generations ago and applied to English long before the migration to America."
 

Feagin, Louise C[rawford]. 1976. A sociolinguistic study of Alabama white English: the verb phrase in Anniston. 2 vols. Washington: Georgetown University dissertation. Ab­stract in Dissertation Abstracts International 38.3445A. Published in abridged form as Feagin 1979 below.
 

Feagin, Crawford. 1979. Variation and change in Alabama English: a sociolinguistic study of the white community. Wash­ington: Georgetown University Press. Foreword by William Labov. 395 pp. [67 urban, 15 rural, 34 teenagers; 5 middle aged, 43 older; 44 Females, 38 Males, Anniston, Alabama]. Monumental analy­sis of linguistic and social (class, urban/rural, age, gender) constraints on features of verb phrase (tense, aspect, person- number agreement, modality, negation, etc.) in white speech in Anniston, Alabama, comparing it to black and to British speech. Reviews:R. Butters. 1981. Language 57.735-38;B. Davis. 1982. Language in Society 11.139-41;T. C. Frazer. 1980. Journal of English Linguistics 14.41-44;R. McDavid, Jr. 1982. English World-Wide 2.99-110;J. B. McMillan. 1980. Southeas­tern Conference on Linguistics Bulletin 4.86-88;M. I. Miller. 1981. American Speech 56.288-95;B. Rigsby. 1981. Austral­ian Jour­nal of Linguistics 1.122- 27;H. Ulherr. 1982. Anglia 100.484-85;H. B. Woods. 1981. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 26.250-51.
 

Hackenberg, Robert G. 1973. Appalachian English: a sociolinguis­tic study. Washington: Georgetown University dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 33.6893A. [39 speakers, Nich­olas County, West Virginia]. Finds subject-verb con­cord is grammatical fea­ture with most nonstan­dard forms, subject relative pronoun deletion is heavily favored by existential there, and a-prefixing "is most likely to occur when there is a stress on the duration of the action"; provides rough correlations of nonstandard forms with educa­tional and occupational indexes.
 

Hackenberg, Robert. 1977. Language variation in Appalachia. Ab­stract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 9.3.9. [75 speakers in Nicholas County, West Virginia]. Finds that nonstan­dard subject-verb agreement and nonstandard subject relative pro­noun deletion correlate with social class of speakers.
 

Hills, E. C. 1926. The plural forms of "you."American Speech 2.133. Notes you all used by cultivated speakers in Florida and North Carolina, you'uns used by uncul­tivated speakers in North Carolina and Tennessee mountains.
 

Kenny, Hamill. 1935. "To" in West Virginia. American Speech 10.314-15. Pre­po­sition equivalent to stative at and equivalent to with/under in phrase take a course to a professor.
 

Kester, Barbara D. 1986. Appalachian and urban grammatical pat­terns: a note on standardized tests. Ohio University Working Papers in Linguis­tics and Language Teaching 8.58-62.
 

McDavid, Raven I., Jr., and Virginia G. McDavid. 1964. Plurals of nouns of measure in the United States. Studies in languages and linguis­tics in honor of Charles C. Fries, ed. by Albert H. March­wardt, pp. 271-301. Ann Arbor: University of Mich­igan English Language Institute. 12 maps. Examines distribution of zero plurals of seven nouns (including foot, pound, and bushel) in Linguistic Atlas of New England, Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States, Linguistic Atlas of the Noth Central States, and Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest data; finds regional variation more signifi­cant than social variation and no black-white differences at all.
 

McDavid, Raven I., Jr. and Virginia G. McDavid. 1986. Kentucky verb forms. Language variety in the South: perspec­tives in black and white, ed. by Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey, pp. 264-93. University: University of Alabama Press. Details social and regional distribution of variant principal parts for thirty-eight strong verbs among Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States infor­mants in Kentucky; com­pares pat­terns to Linguis­tic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States and Linguistic Atlas of New England data.
 

McDavid, Virginia Glenn. 1958. Verb forms of the north central states and upper midwest. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota disserta­tion. Includes Kentucky data. 
 

McDavid, Virginia G[lenn]. 1977. The social distribution of selected verb forms in the Linguistic Atlas of the North Central states. James B. McMillan: essays in linguistics by his friends and colleagues, ed. by James C. Raymond and I. Willis Russell, pp. 41-50. University: Univer­sity of Alabama Press. Examines principal parts for ten strong verbs in Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States; finds "a generally lower use of standard forms" and "a higher use of relic forms" in Kentucky. 
 

Miles, Celia H. 1980. Selected verb features in Hay­wood County, North Carolina: a generational study. Indiana, PA: Indiana University of Pennsylvania dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts Interna­tional 41.2089A. [30 speakers, ages 10-75, Western North Carolina]. Studies retention of older verb forms such as a-prefixing and variation in principal parts of twenty-four irregular verbs in three generations and finds that "while the dialect is not preserving older forms to any large extent, it is maintaining a high degree of nonstandard usage in irregular verb forms."
 

Montgomery, Michael B. 1978. Left dislocation: its nature in Appala­chian speech. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics Bulletin 2.55-61. [20 Whites, Southern West Virginia]. Using data from W. Wolfram-D. Christian study, shows functions and varieties of patterns in which left dislocation occurs.
 

Montgomery, Michael B. 1979. A discourse analysis of expository Appala­chian English. Gaines­ville: University of Florida dissertation. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 40.5036A. [18 Males, 22 Females, ages 16-87, East Tennessee]. Studies dis­tribution and discourse func­tions of grammatical and rhetorical devices such as left dislocation, deictic pronouns, and conjunctions.
 

Montgomery, Michael B. 1979. The discourse organization of expla­natory Appalachian speech. Papers of the 1978 Mid-America Linguistics Conference, ed. by Ralph E. Cooley, et al., pp. 293-302. Norman: University of Oklahoma. Excerpt of preceding item. [18 Males, 22 Females, ages 16-87, East Tennessee]. Examines pattern­ing of left dislocation and other syn­tactic patterns for presenting new information in discourse.
 

Montgomery, Michael B. 1980. Inchoative verbs in East Tennessee English. Southeastern Confer­ence on Linguistics Bulletin 4.77-85. [40 Whites, East Tennessee]. Study of syntax and seman­tics of verbs go to, get to, and get to be.
 

Montgomery, Michael B. 1983. The functions of left dislocation in spontaneous discourse. The ninth LACUS forum, ed. by John Morreall, pp. 425- 32. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press. Excerpt of Montgomery disserta­tion showing subtleties of syn­tactic patterning of left dislocation. 
 

Montgomery, Michael. 1999. A superlative complex in Appalachian English. The SECOL Review 23.1-14
 

Perry, Louise Sublette. 1941. A study of the pronoun "hit" in Grassy Branch, North Carolina. Baton Rouge: Louisi­ana State University thesis. [62 speakers, ages 5-87, Western North Carolina]. 58 pp. Says that aspirated variant of it appears most common­ly in initial positions, after a pause, and in stressed and emphatic contexts, and it is used primarily by older and less educated speakers.
 

Underwood, Gary N. 1983. Mid-South, midwestern teachers, and middle­-of-the-road textbooks. Black English: educa­tional equity and the law, ed. by John Chambers, Jr., pp. 81-96. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma. Examines ten common syntactic features in the "Mid-South" (Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas,Southern Missouri) that are socially marked when speakers move to Midwest, and finds fea­tures are rarely mentioned in school textbooks.
 

Vincent, Opal. 1945. Certain language habits and needs of the senior class of Harrisville high school. Morgantown: West Virginia Uni­ver­sity thesis. Studies nonstandard usage of verbs and pronouns.
 

Whitley, M. Stanley. 1975. Dialectal syntax: plurals and modals in Southern American. Linguistics 161.89-108. Investigates patterns of modals and associative pronouns in Southern English and their relation to phrase structure rules of other American English dialect systems; con­cludes that Southern English and other systems can all be classified as dialects of one language.
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1962. Verbs in mountain speech. Mountain Life and Work 38.15-19. Discusses verb principal parts and says that the "primi­tive strength of mountaineer speech is exerted largely in verbs and the spare economy with which they function."
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1964. Prepositions in mountain speech. Moun­tain Life and Work 40.53-55. Says mountain speakers rely heavily on prepositions to express themselves rather than Latinate words and that mountain gram­mar tends not to have "distinctions between prepositions and subordinate conjunctives and, frequently, relative pro­nouns." 
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1967. Studying folklore in a small region XII: some folk grammar. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 33.27-35. [Mammoth Cave, Kentucky]. Survey of noun, pronoun, and other morphological features from W Kentucky, gleaned from fresh­man compositions and from life­time of per­sonal observation.
 

Wolfram, Walt. 1976. Toward a description of "a"-prefixing in Appalachian English. American Speech 51.45-56. [100 + children and adults, Southern West Virginia]. Exam­ines syntactic properties, phonological constraints, and semantic aspects of prefix; finds that it occurs mainly with -ing progressive verbs and before stressed syllables beginning with a consonant and that it has no apparent semantic content of indefiniteness or remoteness (contrary to Stewart or of continuousness or intermit­tentness (contrary to Hackenberg).
 

Wolfram, Walt. 1980. "A"-prefixing in Appalachian English. Locat­ing language in time and space, ed. by William Labov, pp. 107-42. New York: Academic Press. [Southern West Virginia]. Detailed analysis of syntac­tic and phonological constraints on use of prefix; finds no evidence for semantic content.
 

Wolfram, Walt. 1982. Language knowledge and other dialects. American Speech 57.3-18. Theoreti­cal essay examining how accurately nonnative speakers of a- prefixing and distributive be judge syntactic constraints for these features, in attempt to sup­port view that speakers may have more than one grammar for differ­ent styles of their language.
 

VI. PLACE NAME STUDIES 
 

Anonymous. 1957. Buncombe--talking to Buncombe. North Carolina Folk­lore 5.2.23.
 

Anonymous. 1967. Place name origins. Foxfire 1.62-72.
 

Cornett, Terry. 1978. Local place-names are interesting. Mountain memories 11.14-16 (Spring-­Summer).
 

Craig, Marjorie. 1946. Western North Carolina place-names. North Carolina English Teacher 3.3.12-15.
 

Fink, Paul M. 1951. Some East Tennessee place names. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 7.40-50.
 

Fink, Paul M. 1972. That's why they call it ...: the names and lore of the Great Smokies. Gatlinburg, TN: Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association.
 

Fink, Paul M. and Mylon H. Avery. 1937. The nomenclature of the Great Smoky Mountains. East Tennessee Historical Society Publications 9.53-64.
 

Fullerton, Ralph. 1974. Place names of Tennessee. Bulletin 73, State of Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Geology. Nashville.
 

Ivey, Mike. 1986. A rose by another name is a damned brier. Appalachian Heritage 14.3.
 

Kardos, Andy. 1982-83. What's in a place name-Milepost IV.2.1.
 

Kay, Donald. 1974. British influence on Kentucky municipal place names. Kentucky Folklore Record 20.9-13.
 

Kay, Donald. 1974. Municipal British-received place names in Tennessee. Appalachian Journal 2.78-80.
 

Kegley, Mary B. 1985. Names in the New River Valley (Virginia). Proceedings New River Symposium April 11-13, 1985, Pipestem, West Virginia.
 

Kenny, Hamill. 1945. West Virginia place names: their origin and meaning, including the nomencla­ture of the streams and mountains. Piedmont, WV: Place Name Press.
 

Montgomery, James R. 1956. The nomenclature of the upper Tennessee River. East Tennessee Historical Society Publications 28.46-57. Re­printed in East Tennessee Historical Society Publication 51.151-62 (1979).
 

Rennick, Robert M. 1985. Traditional accounts of some Eastern Kentucky place names. Appalachian Notes 13.2-17.
 

Rennick, Robert M. 1987. Some Pike County names: Leonard Roberts' contributions to the Kentucky place name survey. Appalachian Heritage 15.2.51.55.
 

Rennick, Robert M. 1988. Place name derivations are not always what they seem. Appalachian Heritage 16.1.50-62. [Kentucky].
 


 

Still, James A. 1929-30. Place names in the Cumberland mountains. American Speech 5.113.
 

United States Geographic Board. 1934. Decisions June 30, 1932. Great Smoky Mountain National Park North Carolina and Tennessee. Number 28. Washington: Government Printing Office. 46 pp.
 

United States Geographic Board. 1934. Decisions rendered April 5, 1933. Shenandoah National Park Virginia. Number 35. Washington: Government Printing Office. 13 pp.
 

United States Geographic Board. 1934. Decisions rendered April 5, 1933. Names in the vicinity of Shenandoah National Park Virginia. Number 36. Washington: Government Printing Office. 4 pp.
 

Walls, David S. 1977. On the naming of Appalachia. An Appalachian symposium, ed. by J. S. Williamson. pp. 56-76. Boone, NC: Appalachian Con­sortium.
 

West Virginia Heritage Foundation, comp. and ed. 1967. Origin of place names in West Virginia. West Virginia heritage volume one. Richwood, West Virginia.
 

VII. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS NAMES
 

Combs, Josiah H. 1976. Combs: a study in comparative philology and genealogy. Pensacola, FL: Privately printed. Traces naming patterns in Combs family since 18th century.
 

Dunlap, Fayette. 1913. A tragedy of surnames. Dialect Notes 4.7-8. On Americani­zation of family names of early settlers from Pennsylvania in Boyle County, Kentucky. 
 

Gaskins, Avery F. 1970. The epithet "Guinea" in central West Virginia. Philological Papers 17.41-44. Presents accounts of origin of term as it has become applied to isolated triracial group in Barbour and Taylor counties, West Virginia.
 

McAtee, W. L. 1957. Folk names of birds in Kentucky. Kentucky Warbler 33.27-37. Lists common, folk, and scientific names for birds in state.
 

Mockler, William Emmett Morgan. 1955. The surnames of trans-Allegheny VA: 1750-1800. Columbus: Ohio State University disserta­tion. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 16.960A. Investi­gates etymol­ogy and phonology of surnames of early West Virginia north of the Kanawha, based on official public records, and includes dictionary. Reprinted in 1973 as West Virginia Surnames: the Pioneers. Parsons, WV:West Vir­ginia Dialect Society. 197 pp. Re­views:Raven I. McDavid, Jr. 1974. American Speech 49.149-51;Elsdon C. Smith. 1975. Names 23.53.
 

Mockler, William E. 1956. Surnames of Trans-Allegheny Virginia, 1750-1800. Names 4.1-17. Part II, Names 4.96-118 (1957). Based on pre­ceding item. 
 

Reed, Louis. 1967. Family names. Warning in Appalachia: a study of Wirt County, West Virginia, pp. 15-32. Morgan­town: West Virginia Univer­sity Library. 
 

Sizer, Miriam M. 1933. Christian names in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. American Speech 8.2.34-37. Finds "little conscious at­tempt to preserve in Christian names the family relationship of different individuals."
 

Skinner, James C. 1986. Nicknames, coal miners and group solidar­ity. Names 34.134-45. [33 White Males, 6 White Females]. Surveys prevalence and functions of nicknames at four West Virginia and two Southwest Virginia coal mines. 
 

Still, James A. 1930. Christian names in the Cumberlands. American Speech 5.306-07. Principal sourcs of given names and unusual naming practices. 
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1970-71. Origins of the people of the Mammoth Cave region as shown by their surnames and regional words. Kentucky Folklore Record 16.73-78, surnames.
 

Winkler, J. S. 1972. Whence the name Dula- One plausibility. North Carolina Folklore 22.84-86.
 

Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1970. Cultural variation in personal name pat­terns in the Eastern United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60.743-69. Finds regional patterns in choice of given names, which confirm "the exis­tence of three basic early American culture areas: New Eng­land, the Midland, and the South."Based on frequency of principal male names in sixteen selected counties in Eastern U.S. in 1790 and 1968.
 

VIII. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE, EXAGGERATIONS, AND WORD-P­LAY
 

Adams, Henry J. 1976. Speech patterns. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 41.70-71. 104 figures of speech from Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
 

Berry, Pearlleen D., and Mary Eva Repass, compilers. n.d. Granpa says ... superstitions and sayings from Eastern Kentucky, pp. 18-22. Fredericksburg, VA: Foxhound Enterprises. Cites say­ings and idioms.
 

Blair, Marion E. 1938. The prevalence of older English proverbs in Blount County, Tennessee. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 4.1-24. [34 na­tives, East Tennessee]. Investi­gates how many proverbs prevalent before 1500 are recognized by heteroge­neous group of Blount County, TN, natives. 
 

Boshears, Frances, and Herbert Halpert. 1954. Proverbial compari­sons from an East Tennessee county. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 20.27-41. [East Tennessee]. List of 1045 comparisons compiled in Scott County
 

Boswell, George W. 1972. Tongue twisters and a few other examples of linguistic folklore. Kentucky Folklore Record 18.49-51. Three dozen folk expressions, mostly tongue twisters, from Mississippi and Kentucky.
 

Broadrick, Estelle D. 1978. Old folks sayings and home-cures. Tennes­see Folklore Society Bulletin 44.35-36. One dozen proverbial sayings.
 

Clarke, Mary Washington. 1965. Proverbs, proverbial phrases, and proverbial comparisons in the writings of Jesse Stuart. Southern Folklore Quarterly 29.142-63. Glossary.
 

Eastridge, Nancy Emilia. 1939. Common comparisons and folk sayings. A study of folklore in Adair County, Kentucky, 114-34. Nashville: George Peabody College thesis. Anec­dotal discussion of similes and list of 155 "epithets used to show surprise, anger, disgust, or unhappiness."
 

Halpert, Herbert. 1945. Grapevine Warp an' Tobacco Stick Fillin'. Southern Folklore Quarterly 9.223-28. Songs, rimes, and sayings, most from Kentucky.
 

Halpert, Herbert. 1951. A pattern of proverbial exaggeration from West Kentucky. Midwest Folklore 1.41-47. A glossary.
 

Halpert, Herbert. 1956. Some Wellerisms from Kentucky and Tennes­see. Journal of American Folklore 69.115-22. Sixty-two specimens, most from Kentucky and Tennessee.
 

Hamilton, Kim, and Dana Holcomb. 1979. Ole time expressions. Foxfire 13.1.69-72. [Northeast Georgia]. List of similes collected by high school students from their grandparents.
 

Roberts, Leonard. 1952. Additional exaggerations from East Ken­tucky. Midwest Folklore 2.163-66. Ninety-four items listed in order "to show some insight into the way of life in the hilly, dissected third of the state, where the hills rise from choked valleys on a forty-five degree angle to sharp ridges."
 

Rogers, E. G. 1950. Figurative language the folkway. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 16.71-75. Catalogs folk similes in eleven classes and presents list metaphors, synecdoche, and hyperboles. 
 

Rogers, E. G. 1953. Some East Tennessee figurative exaggerations. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 19.36-40. List of ninety exaggera­tions heard in East Tennessee. 
 

Taylor, Archer. 1962. Proverbial comparisons and simi­les in On troublesome creek. Kentucky Folklore Record 8.87-95. Figures of speech in James Still novel, set in Kentucky.
 

Wilkerson, Isabelle Jeanette. 1963. A compilation of the prover­bial expressions in the works of Charles Egbert Craddock. Knoxville: University of Tennessee thesis. Classi­fies material into twenty-eight catego­ries. 
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1962. Metaphor in mountain speech. Mountain Life and Work 38.9,11-12. Reprinted in Bobbs-Merrill Series, Language-100. Says "speech of Southern Mountaineers bristles with strong lan­guage, pungent metaphors, vivid simi­les, and vigorous personifications" and discusses social uses of these figures of speech; says similes far outnumber all other types of figurative expressions.
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1963. Metaphor in mountain speech. Mountain Life and Work 39.1.50-53. Discusses figures of speech and traditional expressions for characterizing great physical strength, unusual courage, hon­esty, strength of convictions, and other personal traits in Southern Appalachian speech.
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1963. Metaphor in mountain speech. Mountain Life and Work 39.2.51-53. Discusses and exemplifies exaggerations used in Southern mountains.
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1956. Down our way: tell us what it's like. Kentucky Folklore Record 2.1-3. Sample similes based on ten adjectives such as big, crooked, etc.
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1965. Proverbial lore. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 31.99-104. [Western Kentucky]. Clas­sified list of proverbs from Mammoth Cave region.
 

Wilson, Gordon. 1968. Similes from the Mammoth Cave region with a farm flavor. Kentucky Folklore Record 14.44-50; 14.69-75; 14.94-99. [Western Ken­tucky]. 
 

Woodbridge, Hensley C. 1957. Folklore in the works of Janice Holt Giles. Kentucky Historical Society Register 55.330-37. [Kentucky]. Includes brief comments on similes.
 

Woodson, Anthony. 1925. Kentucky similes. Kentucky Folklore Bul­letin, pp. 8-11. Classification of more than hundred similes based on comparisons to vegetables, animals, and mine­rals.
 

IX. LITERARY DIALECT
 

Blair, Walter, and Raven I. McDavid, Jr. 1983. The mirth of a nation: America's great dialect humor. Minneapo­lis: University of Minne­sota Press. Anthology of 19th-century dialect fiction writers; includes "Linguistic Note" (pp. 279-83) by McDavid explaining editorial alteration of dialect to make stories more readable. Reviews:K. B. Harder. 1983. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 49.47;R. Higgs. 1983. Appalachian Journal 10.379-85;M. Dunne. 1984. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics Review 8.74-75;L. Pederson. 1984. Journal of English Linguistics 17.97-102;R. B. Shulman. 1984. American Speech 59.365-67.
 

Boykin, Carol. 1965. Sut's speech: the dialect of a 'nat'ral borned mountaineer. The Lovingood Papers 4.36-42. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Reviews arguments over authenticity and purposes of George Washington Harris' portrayal of Sut Lovingood's speech and analyzes Harris' use of spelling to represent dialect pronunciation and Harris' use of dialect grammar and local terms and figurs of speech.
 

Boykin, Carol D. 1966. A study of the phonology, morphology, and voca­bulary of George Washing­ton Harris' Sut Lov­ingood yarns. Knoxville: University of Tennessee thesis. v + 71 pp. Thorough study of dialect patterns in Harris' fiction; says Harris was "careful, accurate craftsman" in render­ing East Tennessee dialect and indulged in eye dialect much less than his contemporaries. 
 

Clarke, Mary Washington. 1960. Folklore of the Cumberlands as reflected in the writings of Jesse Stuart. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania dissertation.
 

Clarke, Mary Washington. 1963. As Jesse Stuart heard it in Kentucky. Kentucky Folklore Record 9.85-86. Folk expressions in Stuart's writings.
 

Curtis, Jay L. 1942. The dialect writing of Charles Egbert Craddock in the light of the author's background. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina thesis. 
 

Dunn, Durwood. 1979. Mary Noialles Murfree: a reapprai­sal. Appalachian Journal 6.197-206. P. 201, discusses early critical recep­tion of author's por­trayal of mountain speech.
 

Edwards, Dorothy E. 1935. The dialect of the southern highlander as recorded in North Carolina novels. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester thesis. Discussion of Olive Dar­gon, Paul Green, DuBose Heyward.
 

Hall, Wade. 1970. "The truth is funny": a study of Jesse Stuart's humor. Eric Document 048 250. 79 pp. Also appears in Indiana English Journal 5.2-4. Examines ways Stuart uses material from his own life and observations as subject matter in his fiction, and focuses on Stuart's use of dialect and natural metaphors of folk speech.
 

Inge, M. Thomas. 1977. The Appalachian backgrounds of Billy de Beck's Snuffy Smith. Appala­chian Journal 4.120-32. Pp. 122-23, discusses George Washing­ton Harris as primary source of de Beck portrayal of Snuffy Smith's speech.
 

Landrum, Louise M. 1930. A study of Kentucky mountain dialect based on Lucy Furman's Quare Women. Lexington: Uni­versity of Kentucky thesis. 74 pp. [Knott County]. Study of peculiarities of speech of East Kentucky mountains. 
 

McClure, Paul E. 1979. Dialectal variation in the work of Harry Still­well Edwards. Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 11.3.6. Says McClure portrays many different types of dialects in his fiction.
 

Mitchell, Ruth D. 1963. A study of Smoky Mountain regional speech as used in Lanier's Tiger Lilies. Columbia: University of South Carolina thesis. 117 pp. Detailed analy­sis of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar used in Lanier's story set in East Tennessee and comparison of findings with lin­guistic research of Joseph Hall, Lester Berrey, Horace Kephart, James Tidwell, and linguistic studies. 
 

Nickell, Joe. 1984. Hillbilly talk: Southern Appalachian speech as literary dialect in the writings of Mary Noailles Murfree. Appalachian Heritage 12.3.37-45.
 

Schrock, Earl F. Jr. 1971. An examination of the dia­lect in This Day and Time. Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin 37.31-39. [Sullivan County, Tennessee]. Examines validity of
 

representation of dialect in Anne Armstrong's novel by comparing lexi­cal and grammatical features to author's own ongoing research in area in 1970s. Reprinted in R. J. Higgs, and Ambrose N. Manning, eds. 1977. Voices from the hills: selected readings of Southern Appala­chia, 460-73. New York: Ungar. 

 

Snyder, Bob. 1978. Colonial mimesis and the Appalachian renas­cence. Appalachian Journal 5.340-49. Pp. 346-47, says liveliness and freshness of Appa­lachian writers comes from these quali­ties in the region's speech patterns.
 

Williams, Cratis D. 1975-76. The southern mountaineer in fact and fiction. Appalachian Journal 3.8-61,100-62,186-261,334-92. Pp. 101-02, discusses James Hall's handling of dialect in Harpe's Head: a Legend of Kentucky and Carro­line M. S. Kirkland's handling of dialect in his A New Home--Who'll Follow- or, Glimpses of Western Life.
 

Wilson, George P. 1961. Lois Lenski's use of regional speech. North Carolina Folklore 9.2.1-3. Defends North Carolina regional novelist's use of dialect in her children's novels.
 

Woody, Lester G. 1980. On dialect and style in the work of some Appalachian writers. Abstract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 12.3.8. Details how treatment of moun­tain dialect by Apppalachian writers has evolved since mid-19th cen­tury, when extreme eye dialect was prevalent, to present.
 

X. LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND SPEECH PERCEPTION
 

Coleman, William L. 1978. Sociolinguistic aspects of language attitudes towards Southern American English. Ab­stract in Newsletter of the American Dialect Society 11.1.12. [250 adults, North Carolina]. Measures attitudes toward nonstandard Southern, stan­dard Southern, and "Network English" with respect to sex of speaker and sex, education, and age of judge.
 


XI. SPEECH ACT AND STYLE
 

Alderman, Pat. 1972. Mountain hollerin. In the shadow of Big Bald: about the Appala­chians and their people, p. 64. Jonesboro, TN: Tri-Cities Press. 
 

Krapp, George Philip. 1925. [Rhetoric of Kentucky]. The English language in America, vol. 2, pp. 297-306. New York: Ungar. Discusses devel­opment of folk tradition of exuberant, exagger­ated, and picturesque style in Kentucky and Old Southwest region in first half of 19th century.
 

Rosenberg, Bruce A. 1970. The art of the American folk preacher. New York: Oxford University Press. Based on field­work in North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, and California. 
 

Stewart, Kathleen Claire. 1987. Narrative Appalachia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan dissertation. Abstract in DAI 48.429A.



 

XII. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
 

Appalachian bibliography. 1980. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia Univer­sity Library.
 

Goehring, Eleanor E. 1982. Speech, proverbs, and names. Tennessee folk culture: an annotated bibliography, pp. 69-79. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
 

Kennedy, Arthur G. 1927. American sectional dialects. Biblio­graphy of writings on the English language, from the beginning of print­ing to the end of 1922, pp. 413-16. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Reissued 1961.
 

Lee, Ann Morton. 1980. An annotated bibliography of southern mountain speech. Johnson City, TN: East Tennessee State University thesis.
 

Pederson, Lee. 1968. An annotated bibliography of Southern states. Atlanta: Southeastern Educa­tional Library Monograph no. 1. Has 190 items, many annotated.
 

Ross, Charlotte T., ed. 1976. Bibliography of southern Appala­chia. Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press.
 

Woodbridge, Hensley C. 1958. A tentative bibliography of Kentucky speech. Publication of the American Dialect Society 30.17-37. Includes references to local magazines and news­papers.
 


Donna Christian

Bethany Dumas

Mike Ellis 

J Karl Nicholas

Anita Puckett

James Robert Reese

Walt Wolfram