Study Guide
General Biology 102, Exam 3
TEST: Monday,
April 4, 2006, 1:30 – 2:20 PM
COVERS: All
lecture notes (2/27/05-3/31/05), and readings from Chapters 32, 18, 20, 5, 25,
26, 28, & 23. If it was mentioned in
class or assigned in the syllabus, it’s free game.
This list is a study guide, not a complete list of all the material on the test. Please bring questions to my office
hours: Rm. 3324A LSB, Wednesday or
Friday 2:30-4:00 PM, Thursday 3-4 PM, or Monday 11:30-1:00.
Plant
Nutrition and Transport
1. What are stomata? Where do you find them? What are guard cells? How are they regulated? (When do stomata close?) For the following compounds, know whether
they enter or leave through stomata: CO2, O2, and H2O.
2. Which direction do water and
minerals move through the xylem?
3. Know the differences between
transpiration (evaporation), cohesion/adhesion, and root pressure
(osmosis). Which of these forces is most
important? What substances do they help to transport?
4. Which direction(s) does
sugar move through the phloem? On a
sunny day, what part of a plant would be a sugar source, and what would be a
sink? On a cloudy day, what would be source
vs. sink?
Animal Kingdom
5. Describe the difference
between a “domain” (e.g. the 3 domains of living things), a “kingdom” (we’ve
covered 4), and a “phylum” (we covered 9 phlya in
class, although there are many more).
Know the names of all of these.
6. Know the 9 “phyla” of
animals discussed in class and in your book.
What are the defining characteristics of each phylum? For the examples of specific animals
discussed in class and in your book, be able to tell me which phylum each one
belongs to.
a. sponges (porifera)
b. cnidarians
c. flatworms
d. roundworms
e. mollusks
f. annelids
g. arthropods
h. echinoderms
i. chordates
7. Know the important
“innovations” that have appeared as animals have changed over time. Review the handouts from class
carefully. Be familiar with some of the
first classes/phyla of animals who showed or lacked each innovation. (Example:
most animals have tissues; sponges do not—but cnidarians were the first
animals we discussed that have tissues.)
HINT: Make it into a story; it’ll be easier to remember.
8. Although you’re going to
want to review ALL the innovations, here are some questions to get you started…
a. What is the difference
between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry?
Give some examples. What
advantages does each type of symmetry have?
(Consider sedentary vs. mobile lifestyles.)
b. Do all animals have
tissues? What IS a tissue?
c. Describe the different
styles of body cavities found in animals.
Would humans be an example of animals with no cavity (acoelomate), a
simple unlined cavity (pseudocoelomate), or a fully lined body cavity
(coleomate)?
d. Which phylum reverts to
radial symmetry as an adult? (Hint: its
embryos and larvae are still bilaterally symmetric, so it still fits…)
e. Very briefly, how common are
arthropods? What about insects?
f. What characteristics are
common to chordates? How are vertebrates
and chordates related?
g. Which phyla include animals
with skeletons (internal or external)?
h. Classify these: a snail, a starfish, a sea anemone, a
tapeworm, an earthworm, a coral, a salmon, a squid, a lobster, a housefly, a
cat, a shark
9. Each phylum can have a few
classes—be sure you know these as well.
What phylum includes the classes: gastropod, cephalopod, and
bivalve?
10. Know the 5 classes of
vertebrates (reptiles, birds, amphibians, mammals, fish)
discussed in class, and their basic qualities.
Know any important “innovations” that appeared as they developed and
changed.
a. Which classes of vertebrates
have jaws? Do they all have bony
skeletons? Know some exceptions.
b. Fish have swim bladders and
gill slits. What do these features do
for fish? What features eventually
developed from them in other animals?
c. List some adaptations that
help keep reptiles from drying out.
Amphibians don’t have these features—so how are their lifestyles
different?
d. Which vertebrates produce
“amniotic eggs”? Why (or when) are these an advantage?
e. What features do birds share
with reptiles, and why is this a relevant question to ask?
f. Which vertebrates are
endotherms? What does that mean? What’s an ectotherm?
Tissue Types
11. Define tissue, organ, and
organ system.
12. What is MATRIX? What two types of tissues have some matrix?
13. What is an epithelial
tissue? Where do you find
epithelia? Give some examples (other
than skin!). What features can vary
between different types of epithelial tissue?
(Hint: number of _____ and shape
of __________.)
14. What kind of tissue is found
in glands and can secrete (release) substances?
15. Name all the types of
connective tissues, as discussed in class, and list their functions. What features do all connective tissues have
in common?
16. Describe the location and
structure of the 3 types of muscle tissue.
17. What are the two types of
cells found in nervous tissue? How are
they different?
Organ Systems
and Homeostasis
1. Review the names and
functions of the organ systems of the human body. Know how they contribute to homeostasis. Which systems regulate the others, which ones
aid in movement, protection, waste-disposal, homeostasis, etc.?
2. Why do large, multicellular creatures tend to need organ systems? (What does surface area have to do with it?)
3. Define homeostasis. How is it related to enzyme function? (And why does that matter?)
4. Compare negative-feedback
regulation and positive-feedback regulation.
Give some examples. When you have
poison ivy or a mosquito bite, you itch, you scratch, and then it itches even
worse. Would this be an example of
negative- or positive-feedback?
5. How does the body regulate
temperature? Relate this to negative- or
positive-feedback regulation, and the elements of a “control system” like a
thermostat.
6. How is temperature
regulation different in endotherms vs. ectotherms? Which
ones have a faster metabolism, and why is that relevant?
7. How does the human body
regulate water balance?
8. Describe the challenges
faced by freshwater vs. saltwater fish, and how they maintain water and salt
balance. Does this sound like a type of
negative or positive feedback regulation?
9. Just for your
information: Salmon are special—they
live in saltwater but return to fresh water to reproduce. Their body composition remains the same in
both environments. This means they have
the ability to switch between different methods of maintaining water balance.
Endocrine
System
10. Compare the endocrine system
and the nervous system, including the timescales over which they act, the
substances they release, and how their signals are carried through the body.
11. Hormones are released into
the blood, so they pass through all the organs of the body. Given this very broad exposure,
explain exactly how each hormone can be specific for certain targets
(e.g. TSH activates the thyroid, but not the pancreas).
12. Know the main roles and
locations of the following glands:
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroids,
and pancreas.
13. Describe how your pancreas
regulates blood sugar. Include the roles
of glucagon and insulin in your description. Where is extra glucose stored until it is
needed? Why is more
glucose sometimes released into the blood during stress?
14. Describe how your thyroid
and parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in your body. Describe how calcitonin
and parathyroid hormone balance each other’s functions. Where in the body is calcium stored?
15. Explain how too little
dietary iodine causes the growth of the thyroid into a goiter. How are TRH and TSH involved in this
process? Briefly explain how this
relates to negative feedback regulation.
16. When too much thyroid
hormone is produced, what happens to your body and personality? What happens when not enough thyroid hormone
is produced?
17. What is a symptom of Graves’
disease? What causes it, and how does
this link the immune system and the endocrine system? (If you missed this lecture, do a quick
on-line search for “
18. What does ADH do? Where is it produced?
19. How are oxytocin,
ADH, and GH different from other pituitary hormones?
20. Explain how the amount and
timing of GH production causes pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, or acromegaly.
Nervous System
21. What two main types of cells
do you find in the nervous system? What
are their jobs?
22. Know the parts of a typical
neuron.
23. Know the 3 types of neurons,
and where specifically you find them in the nervous system.
24. Explain how a reflex action
works. Include all three types of
neurons in your description. Is the
brain necessary for a reflex action to occur?
Why is it that way?
25. Where are chemical vs.
electrical signals used in the nervous system?
What is a synapse?
26. Briefly describe what an
action potential is, and how it travels from one end of a neuron to the
other. What direction do action
potentials travel within a single neuron?
27. Describe how, when, and where
neurotransmitters are released by a neuron.
What happens when they bind to another neuron?
28. Neurotransmitters must
eventually be removed from the synapse.
Describe the two ways in which this is done. One of these ways tends to be blocked by
drugs (cocaine, Prozac, Zoloft). How
would having more neurotransmitter in the synapse affect the neurons?
29. Other drugs tend to block
signaling a different way. Explain how Botox and tetanus work.
30. Compare the PNS to the
CNS. What kind of neurons do they
contain?
31. Which branches of the
peripheral nervous system (PNS) contain sensory vs. motor neurons?
32. Explain how and why
“referred pain” occurs. Explain why a
person having a heart attack often feels pain in his/her left arm.
33. “Cranio-sacral
massage” is a type of massage therapy that focuses on areas near the skull
(cranium) and tailbone (sacrum). Study
figure 28.13: would this kind of massage be more likely to stimulate the
sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Based on your answer, what effects should it produce?
34. Compare the sympathetic and
parasympathetic branches of the nervous system.
35. Know the main parts of the
brain, and their functions, as discussed in class. This might include:
a. brainstem
b. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
d. reticular formation
e. the 4 lobes of the cerebrum (occipital, frontal,
temporal, parietal)
f. sensory vs. motor cortex
Circulatory
System
NOTE: This
section will probably be postponed until after Exam 3!
36. Describe how the types of
tissue (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous) are involved in the
function of the blood vessels.
37. Describe the sizes and
differences between venules, veins, arteries,
arterioles, and capillaries. Your
description should include smooth muscle and connective tissue layers, as well
as size and presence of valves. How are
they related to each other?
38. Beginning with the
capillaries in a tissue, how would blood return to the heart, pick up oxygen in
the lungs, and return to the tissue?
Arrange in the proper order: the types of blood vessels (from the
previous question), the right/left sides of the heart, and the valves.
39. What function do valves
serve in blood vessels? What about in
the heart?
40. Which is under higher
pressure: veins or arteries? Why?
How do their structures reflect this?
41. Which side of the heart serves
the lungs? Which side serves the tissues
of the body? On a paper diagram, why are
the right and left sides always reversed?
42. Describe the function of the
atria and the ventricles of the heart.
43. Where do the “lub” and “dub” sounds of your heartbeat come from?
44. What’s a heart murmur? What’s a heart attack?
45. Briefly describe what the
cardiac conduction system does, including the “pacemaker.” In what order do the following parts of the heart
contract: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle?