Sherwood: Chapter 12

Objective: Although the kidney is the most complex organ for osmoregulation and excretion among the vertebrates, several other vertebrate organs are important.

1.  Fish gills
        a.  chloride cells
2.  Salt glands
        a.  neuroendocrine control
3.  Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
        a.  ammonia, urea and uric acid
        b.  ammonotelic, ureotelic, uricotelic