December 8, 1998

December 8, 1998

Mentors: Send in Grades (40%)

Sites without Mentors: Send in Work to:

Carl A. Rotter, Dept. of Physics Box 6315, West Virginia U, Morgantown WV 26506-6315

Tests 1, 2, 3 -- if not taken, take by 12/15

Test 4 Opened in class tonight for a few minutes of discussion

CD ROMs being sent to me to send to you via the Mentors. For sites without mentors, notify me if you are teaching 9-12 and were registered for class.

Second Semester: January 12 - April 27

(no class on March 30 and April 6)

Title SPTP: CATS Conceptual Physics

CRN 15292

Course Phys 201B

Section 6W1

Hours 3.0

Day T 16:00-18:50

Bldg CERC... Morgantown

Satellite Telstar 4... Channel 20 89degrees west.

Conclusions to Work and Energy... some Applications:

Work done by Human Heart

Work done by heart in each contraction

Assumptions: Pumping 5 Liters/minute, gauge pressure in left ventricle is 100 mm Hg... gauge pressure in right ventricle is 20 mm Hg... heart rate 1 contraction/second.

Left Ventricle:

WLV = PLV DV LV = (1.33 x 104 N/m2)(83 x 10-6m3)

= 1.1J

Right Ventricle:

WRV = PRV DVRV = (0.27 x 104 N/m2)(83 x 10-6m3)

= 0.2 J

Total work/contraction = 1. 3 Joule

Total power of heart = 1. 3 J/s = 1. 3 Watt

Work and Heat in an engine:

Otto cycle- regular gasoline engine. This gas cycle is on the PVT surface... see if you can sketch the cycle on the PVT surface (projection of the cycle is shown below).

Gas and air mixture introduced into piston at low pressure and high volume... piston then pushed in rapidly (adiabatically = no heat transferred) by external force on piston.

When gas fully compressed, spark ignites gas to combust very rapidly (volume stays constant, temperature and pressure increase).

Piston then pushed out rapidly (adiabatically = no heat transferred) and does work for us.. this is the "working stroke".

Piston then pushed in to get rid of burnt gas and then pulls in new gas/air mixture to begin new cycle.

Since the new gas is same each cycle, its internal energy has no net change. Thus applying the first law of thermo:

Q - W = DKEInternal

This is true of all engines. Thus:

QIn - QOut - W = 0

QIn - QOut = W

Example: Suppose the chemical energy released in the combustion released (QIn) 600 Joules of energy and produced a temperature (THot) of 550 K. Suppose that 250 Joules of net work (W) is done in the cycle. Then the heat that would be exhausted (QOut) would be 350 Joules to the surroundings at a temperature (TCold) of 300 K.

Recall that efficiency of engine is given by

Efficiency = Output (W) / Input (QIn) = 250/600 = 42 %.

The maximum possible efficiency is determined by the hottest and coldest temperatures given by

Max Eff = 1 - TCold / THot = 1 - 300/55 = 45 %

Application to Refrigerator, Air Conditioner, Heat Pump.

We want heat to flow from a cold body to a hot body

Refrigerator: from food to room

Air Conditioner: from cool room to hot outside air

Heat Pump: from cold outside air to warm air inside

Freon is the medium which is made colder (by a throttling process) than the region where we want to take heat out (food, cool room, cold outside air) and then hotter (by using compressor) than the region where we want to exhaust heat (space behind refrigerator, hot outside air, warm room).

The throttling process lowers the pressure and temperature of the freon and causes it to go from liquid to gas but heat is needed to be put into the freon as it crosses the liquid-gas boundary.

The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the freon and causes it to go from gas to liquid but heat must be taken out of the freon as it crosses the gas-liquid boundary.

This cycle is shown in the PT diagram and sample of air conditioning a home in summer and heating a home in winter.